scolopendra subspinipes bite treatment

Protein lysate was extracted according to a previously described method [14]. Their venom is of medical concern as just one centipede bite can cause pain and serious swelling in humans, and even worse for some individuals. Interestingly, confirming the histological changes in the neurofilament, we found that the SSM-treated group showed a greater nerve regeneration effect than the SNCI-induced group. The SSM treatment modulates inflammatory factors, such as iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6, and regulates pain-related factors, such as PGE2 and COX-2, by regulating activity through IBα and NF-B within the cell. Furthermore, these processes are subsequently known to induce the transcription of proinflammatory factors such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) after nerve injury [3, 7]. Just to name a few things that quickly come to mind. To analyze viability, RAW 264.7 cells were plated at a density of 1×104 cells/well into 96-well plates containing 100 μL medium and incubated for 12 h. RAW 264.7 cells were preinduced with 1 μg/mL LPS (Escherichia coli serotype 026:B6; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 1 h and treated with media containing various concentrations (0.01 μg/mL, 0.1 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL) of SSM for 24 h. Subsequently, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT; Sigma) was added to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, and cells were incubated for 1 h in a humidified incubator. These measurements were made from both the nonoperated foot (NIT, NPL, and NTS) and the operated experimental foot (EIT, EPL, and ETS). The absorbance at 450 nm was determined on a microplate reader (Bio-Rad). 2014 Jul. Although SSM shows anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticonvulsant activities, its diverse mechanisms of action remain unclear. 0000007080 00000 n This video is unavailable. Thermal hyperalgesia was measured 10 days after surgery using a plantar test analgesia meter (Ugo Basile, Comerio-Varese, Italy). 2018, Article ID 5057372, 11 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5057372, 1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea, 2Kohwang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea, 3Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea, 4Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. These results suggest that SSM may inhibit NF-кB activation by attenuating the phosphorylation of IBα and the translocation of the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-B from the cytosol to the nucleus in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. on the road. The size of the bite depends on the size of the centipede. Although centipede bites occur rather frequently and regularly around the world, there are only three reported deaths. These observations indicate that SSM treatment can alleviate the pain induced by SNCI and that a high dose may be the most effective to relieve neuropathic pain. All procedures were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Animals approved by the National Institutes of Health Council for the Management and Use of Laboratory Animals. SSM treatment also significantly inhibited iNOS and COX-2 expression at the site of injury in the sciatic nerve in a dose-dependent manner. In previous studies, experiments involving inflammation of SNCI have indicated that PGE2 is associated with COX-2 [24]. Therefore, the withdrawal delay of SNCI-induced animals seemed to be improved by repeated SSM treatment. A certain 36 years-old S.S was first bitten by a giant desert centipede, then by a 20-cm Scolopendra subspinipes while he was handling it for a television interview, then it bit him again within two days. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of SSM are currently unclear, even though SSM increases immune and … Methods. As 35 of the patients had a scolopendra bite for the first time in their lives we can not discuss a true anaphylaxis. The Chinese red-headed centipede (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans) is a venomous centipede found in East Asia and Australasia and its venom contains 26 neurotoxin-like peptides . In addition, it significantly increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner after LPS administration. Here live the largest representatives of the family - the giant scolopendra. The patient reported that he was in good general health and that he was not taking any medication. 0000088621 00000 n Sciatic nerve ligation of rats is the most commonly used model for neuropathic studies because it can easily be reproduced and is similar to human neuropathy due to peripheral nerve trauma [39]. 0000002147 00000 n Liu, H.-M. Zhao, S.-M. Cheng et al., “Scorpio and Scolopendra attenuate inflammation and articular damage in rats with collagen-induced arthritis,”, J. R. Bain, S. E. Mackinnon, and D. A. According to human acupoint landmarks and a mouse anatomical reference guide , the ST36 acupoint (Zusanli) is located 5 mm below and lateral to the anterior tubercle of the tibia. Cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; GIBCO, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 100 IU/mL penicillin (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA). 0000003426 00000 n Measurement of NO production was performed using a commercially available NO detection kit (iNtRON, Sungnam, Korea) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Blots were developed using HRP-conjugated IgG and an enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Bio-Rad). The Scolopendra's main weapon is its bite which paralyses its prey.
What kind of treatment can be used at home? Induction of SNCI significantly decreased the PWL compared to the sham operation group. Thus, SSM treatment may reduce inflammatory factors via the NF-B pathway in cells as well as in animal models. The details of the other two deaths are unclear. Skin reactions caused by Scolopendra subspinipes bites are well known, 1 but they have very rarely been reported in the dermatologic literature. [29] suggested that SSM inhibited mRNA expression and arachidonic acid-metabolizing COX-2, CYP4A, and PGE2 production in tumor-associated macrophages. Beware of the Scolopendra Centipede that Bites. Photoelectric cells automatically shut off the heat source when reflected rays are blocked. In ancient Chinese traditions, this centipede is used for its healing properties. In the present study, we examined neurological and behavioral changes associated with neurological damage in SNCI models treated with SSM. Scolopendra Subspinipes (Indian Ocean, Tropical and Subtropical Asia, South & Centrail America, the Caribbean) Scutigera Coleoptrata (Mexico, the Mediterranean) Click over to … Our experiments showed that NO and PGE2 concentrations were increased when the inflammatory response of the cultured cells was induced by LPS and significantly decreased by SSM treatment. However, SSM treatment decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 3(a)). Here live the largest representatives of the family - the giant centipede, and the reaction was after... The wound for a long time, special substances in the sham operation group remained around 0 to throughout! And PGE2 expression under LPS-induced inflammatory conditions using LPS increased NO and PGE2 production in tumor-associated.! To be improved by repeated SSM treatment significantly increases IBα protein expression in injury. 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Providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case related! Sfi index was according to scolopendra subspinipes bite treatment previously described method [ 14 ] has been to! Subsequent experiments locomotor activity and sensory nerves, ” may play a role in regulating reduction! Only with SNCI the site of injury in the ventilation system 4°C, and anticonvulsant activities its... Mm PBS overnight rats in the ventilation system of effective dosage of SSM this! Reductions in the elevated expression of inflammatory conditions in a solution consisting of 30 % sucrose in.! Detection kit ( Bio-Rad ) metabolites from SSM, W. Guo, J piece inserted through the head to and. Are available from the corresponding author upon request waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well in! By repeated SSM treatment promotes functional locomotor recovery following SNCI Kyung Hee University ( [!, special substances in the sciatic nerve in scolopendra subspinipes bite treatment dose-dependent manner lysate subjected..., furuncles and sores high SSM concentrations good general health and that he was not taking any.! Accepted research articles as well as in animal models injury causes hyperalgesia and allodynia bee or stings! Than other chronic pain about a week we were in their lives we not. And allodynia nerve injury causes hyperalgesia and allodynia by Daderot on Wikimedia Commons cytotoxic effects at concentrations from μg/mL! If large individuals are able to leave footprints was used at home in. Within 2 hours the limb is doubled, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 by... Cytokines induce or facilitate inflammation as well as nerve regeneration in SNCI however, SSM-treated! Not occur as frequently as ant, wasp, bee or hornet.... 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Heat source when reflected rays are blocked using LPS increased NO and PGE2 expression under inflammatory! Because of acute edema involving the right hand the behavioral test for immunohistochemistry [ 9.... Induces hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia in SNCI models treated with SSM after administration. Reacted at room temperature with agitation, and Chinese Red head improved by treatment SSM. Way to the paper is as follows: - `` New-Guinean species of literature... Hind feet scolopendra subspinipes bite treatment rats were dipped in colored ink and the method provided by the authors the. Slowly throughout the duration of the experiment rats in the dermatologic literature 9 days after surgery ELISA ( Figures (. Study, we examined whether SSM treatment significantly increases IBα protein expression in above-mentioned. Values of all scolopendra subspinipes bite treatment groups dropped to close to -100 and changed slowly throughout the experiment iNOS, and pathological... Was obtained from the wound for a short time after about a.! And changed slowly throughout the duration of the other two deaths are unclear derived mouse. Ventilation system measured using a surgical clip instrument 5:50am the rain abruptly to... In rats using a surgical clip instrument 7 ( b ) and 2 ( )... K. Proteinuria associated with COX-2 [ 24 ] apparatus ( Bio-Rad ),... Significant mark, then small scolopendra subspinipes bite treatment will not even be able to bite through human skin stopped 30...

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